AN ANALYSIS OF PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF THE PROTOPLANETARY DISK AND STAR-FORMING ZONE

ABSTRACT

Advances in basic physical processes, both theoretical and experimental, are the foundation for the creation of charged accelerates that accelerate particles and their underlying principles. The research that resulted in the discovery of elementary particles also generated concepts for charged particles that accelerate. With the development of particle accelerators, basic scientific fields such as high energy physics, nuclear physics, condensed matter physics, and cosmology have profited. Furthermore, particle accelerators find extensive application in both industrial and medicinal settings. Different configurations of particle accelerators were developed using a range of technical concepts. Many kinds of particle accelerators have been technically created by combining electric charge with both static and dynamic electromagnetic fields. Radio frequency fields in the MHz to GHz range, static electric fields, ac magnetic fields in betatrons oscillating at 50 to 60 Hz, and laser beams for creating high fields for particle acceleration are examples of electromagnetic fields in use over the majority of the conceivable frequency range.

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